Race Based Affirmative Action On Higher Education Essay

Race-Based Affirmative Action in Higher Education In 1961, President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, or CEEO. One purpose of the CEEO was to â€Å"recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination† (Kennedy). This executive order planted the seeds that grew into what is today known as â€Å"race-based affirmative action,† or the â€Å"practice of actively recruiting members of historically marginalized racial and ethnic groups for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities† (Schaefer 413). The rationale behind race-based affirmative action policies is that they help blunt the effects of institutional racism while promoting diversity. Race-based affirmative action is practiced today by public universities throughout the nation. For example, in June of 2016 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Fisher v University of Texas that the University of Texas at Austin’s race-based affirmative action program was constitutional and, thus, the university would be able to continue said program. In addition, New York University indicates on their website that they, too, practice race-based affirmative action. However, while affirmative action is practiced at universities across the United States not everyone agrees with such policies. Many argue that such policies don’t adequately achieve their intended effect,Show MoreRelatedAffirmative Action Is The Perfect Plan1173 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action On March 6th, 1955, President John F. Kennedy signed executive order 10925 enforcing that government corporations not discriminate against anyone based off their race and skin color. This became â€Å"positive† discrimination otherwise known as affirmative action. Affirmative action is a method benefiting anyone who have experienced discrimination particular to one’s education and/ or employment (Affirmative Action). In today’s age affirmative action is creating â€Å"reverse racism† dueRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Current Method For Combating Systematic Racism1602 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action is the current method for combatting the systematic racism and general bigotry that has long plagued American society. It is a source of much debate, both from the legal and moral perspectives. When it comes to higher education, it has been the subject of serval Supreme court decisions and many philosophical papers. Affirmative action’s stan ce makes a statement about how American society intends to handle its problems of bigotry; if it wants to ignore them, or if it wants to chooseRead MoreThe Precedency: Supporting the Affrimative Action Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative action is a government policy that gives opportunities to minorities, women, and any group who has been the victim of discrimination in the past. Affirmative action is the outcome of the 1960’s Civil Rights movement, growing out of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or gender. It was the 1978 Supreme Court decision, The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which allowed for the use of race-based preferences as a means ofRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important For The Future Of The Diversified Generations Of America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action In Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech, he states â€Å"I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. 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Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality of its existence and whether it perpetuates racial discrimination. Although affirmative action greatly promotes diversityRead MoreThe Issue Of Affirmative Action Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should be altered for it creates a perpetually racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due it s issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality of its existence and whether it perpetuates racial discrimination. Although affirmative action is a great start in promoting diversity and exposingRead MoreAffirmative Action Should Not Be A Program1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern American government and yet is still very active today. Affirmative action is defined as â€Å"the practice of improving the educational and job opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their race, sex, etc† (Merriam-Webster). Affirmative action creates a blatantly unfair advantage in college and job applications to non-minority races and is ultimately a racist law. Affirmative action is most prominent in the College admission process, where itsRead MoreIs Diversity Is The Great Issue Of Our Time ( Macdeo, 2000, P .1 ) Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesthe U.S. also has inequalities and exclusion on racial and ethnic identities. Though, by law discrimination based on racial or ethnic identities is prohibited in the Constitution. Despite the legal mandate, racism is evident in the society; racism has been a part of the society for five centuries and still exists in overt and covert forms. Despite positive developments in the higher education sector, underrepresented social groups are far behind than their counter parts White and Asian students. AmongRead MoreAffirmative Action At The United States1634 Words   |  7 Pagesjust†¦you’re black†¦Ã¢â‚¬  First established in 1961, Affirmative action (in the United States) was/is a practice in which the purpose is to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women (Merriam Webster). Fast forward to today’s society and what is affirmative action now? Considering the prevalence of diver sity in the workplace and in educational facilities, it should be of utmost importance that all people, regardless of race, are given the equal opportunity in the

A Brief Note On The And Central Station Desktop Ehrs

Slide 10: Within nursing practice, assessment, documentation, and communication are the most frequent activities, consuming 18.1%, 9.9%, and 11.8% of nurses time, but with EHR nurses have more time to analyze and deliver patient care. The selection of bedside or central station desktop EHRs will influence documentation time for the two main user groups, physicians and nurses (Vondrak, 2012). Slide 11: Human errors, such as medication errors or allergy errors, are minimized with alerts on the electronic health record. The electronic health record has shown to reduce the number of missing charts (82%), and improves data accessibility to patient records and documentation remotely (75%) (Narisi, 2013). By eliminating paper charting, the EHR makes all patient’s data and information available at all times to all physicians. The EHR improves patient care delivery by reducing the error of hand-written orders and allows for other physicians to access the order. This is great for when the doctor orders a medication to start stat, and puts the order into the EHR, so the nurse can start the medication right away (Palma, 2013). Slide 12: EHR can help detect possible errors in the system. For example, EHR alerts providers of possible conflict in medications that were prescribed to patients. In a case of emergency when a patient is unconscious and not able to communicate, clinicians can pull the patient’s medical history from the EHR in order to better treat the patient. With the EHRShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagespaper) ISBN-10: 0-13-214632-0 (alk. paper) 1. Management information systems. I. Brown, Carol V. (Carol Vanderbilt), 1945T58.6.M3568 2012 658.4038011—dc22 2010048598 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-214632-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-214632-6 BRIEF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World PART I Information Technology Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 1 17 Computer Systems 19 Telecommunications and Networking The Data Resource 95 60 PART II Applying Information

The Decline of Christianity in Europe free essay sample

The twentieth century was a time of great flux and anxiety in Europe as the supremacy of Christianity in Europe was being challenged by the fronts of biblical criticism, and evolution. According to Rev, Andrew Greeley, a social sciences professor at the University of Chicago, belief in God has increased in Russia and Hungary and decreased in Britain, the Netherlands, western Germany and France. Atheism thrives in eastern Germany, Russia, The Czech Republic and France. Interestingly though, most European countries report denominational affiliation. According to Dr Greeley, there was a time when people were more religious than they are now. Secularizers like to point to the decline as evidence that religion no longer matters. This is not true. Religion in a given country is affected by history, social structure and culture; and its affects on them. English historians recently have argued that Henry VIII was the first secularizer in that he replaced a religious society with an established church. With that in mind, what one sees in Great Britain could represent the endgame of Anglicanism. A culture without religion is bound for a future of chaos and loss of morality. Western academics have accepted the sociologists secularization thesis that asserts that intellectual advances and economic modernization leads people and nations past a need for faith, to a more enlightened and more secular mode of life (Greeley). Europe’s ongoing and increasing contempt for organized religion has been their prime example, while the growth of Christianity in countries such as Nigeria and China have been dismissed as a primitive stop on the road toward a godless society. Without a religiously based culture, moral principles cannot be grounded and social organizations cannot be legitimized. A culture that breaks away from authoritative religion and the concept of God breaks away from any possibility of absolute truth. This only leaves a resource of existential relativism, a slippery slope concept that is changing and does not offer a stable foundation for authoritative system of law or morals to be built. Laws without religion command no authority. Various theories and historical events have played a hand in the decline of Christianity in Europe. Atheism and secularism have been greatly influenced by several of these views including Darwin’s theory of evolution, the study of criticism and Hitler’s application of Armenianism to just name a few. It was no wonder that those individuals who were exposed to these theories of belief were uncertain how to respond and what to believe. Let’s look at how some of these views have impacted the view of Christianity in Europe. In the twentieth century men like David Strauss denied both the miracles and integrity of the New Testament as well as the deity of Christ, whom he saw as a man who thought He was the Messiah (Cairnes). Jean Astruc divided the book of Genesis into two parts making higher criticism very popular in Europe (Online Encyclopedia). Another perspective of higher criticism was formulated by Johann G Eichorn who laid down the dictum that the Bible was to be read as a human book and tested by human means (This Day in Jewish History). Two additional believers of criticism are Karl Graf and Julius Wellhausen who developed an elaborate system known as the Graf-Wellhausen theory which stated that sections in which the name Jehovah is used constitute the early document, another part by another author is known as E, still another in Deuteronomy as D, and P. In this fashion the unity of the Pentateuch and its Mosaic authorship are denied (Encyclopedia. com). Hermann S Reismarus went one step further and denied the possibility of biblical miracles and advanced that the New Testament writers were frauds. Gotthold Lessing argued that the Scriptures served man as a guide during the primitive phase of his religious development but that reason and duty were sufficient guides in more advanced state of religion (Cairnes). Charles Darwin wrote Origin of Species in 1859 that presented a new theory that gave a powerful and persuasive explanation of how the process of evolution works the theory of â€Å"natural selection. † His theory pointed out that creatures are similar to their parents but not identical; there are apparently random minor variations in each generation. Darwin argued that those individuals that are well suited to their environment survive, prosper and give birth to new individuals that share their characteristics, while those less suited will die out. Any new characteristics with which an individual is born are likely to be passed on if it is useful. Species evolve and develop in a process that is not random, or determined by God, but instead follows natural laws (Towns). The theory of evolution contradicted fundamental Christian beliefs about humanity and sin. In 1871, Darwin published the Descent of Man, in which he argued that human beings evolved naturally from lower creatures tating that not only does life itself follow natural laws but also the human mind and soul are not some supernatural element breathed into the body by God. By eliminating God, Darwin was saying that they evolved from nothing thus eliminating the most important element, God. (Hill). The theory of evolution denied the direct creation of man by God and the gr eatest damage came from the application of that theory to the development of religion. Darwinism was born. God and the Bible were looked upon as the evolutionary products of man’s religious consciousness, and the books of the Bible were dated accordingly. The biblical eschatology, in which perfection would come into this world only by the direct intervention of God through the return of Christ, was replaced by the evolutionary view of a world that was being increasingly improved on by human effort. Because man was not guilty through original sin there was no need of Christ as Savior. Germany during Hitler’s reign illustrates the lengths to which people will go when they deny God’s revelation in the Bible, and when they replace revelation with reason and science as the authority for thought and action. The Holocaust fractured many individuals’ beliefs concerning God. How could a God who claimed to love His people allow so many to be tortured and killed? In the end, a continent was left feeling as though God had abandoned them. In Europe the Roman Catholic Church emerged from World War I with an enhanced prestige that carried it through the troubled period when much of mankind was hoping that there would be an introduction to peace but which proved to be a prelude to an even larger war. During and after World War I Pope Benedict XV repeatedly addressed the world calling to its attention principles for establishing peace. He used the facilities of his church to alleviate the sufferings from the war through negotiating the exchange of prisoners and civilians in occupied countries, aiding the sick, furthering the repatriation of prisoners of war and the correspondence of prisoners with their families, and promoting the relief of devastated areas (Latourette). The upheavals of the first half of the twentieth century were felt most strongly in Europe. Europe had been the home of much of the optimistic philosophy and theology of the nineteenth century. It had believed that under its leadership humankind would see a brand new day. Catholicism during the nineteenth century had reacted to this modern world with wholesale condemnation, while Protestant liberalism had practically capitulated before the new age. Therefore when the two world wars and the events surrounding them gave the lie to the hopes and dreams of the nineteenth century, Protestant liberalism was shaken to its very core. During the nineteenth century skepticism and secularism had begun to be common place in France (Greeley). In the twentieth century those areas where Protestantism had been traditionally strong also witnessed a decided increase in skepticism and secularism. By the middle of the century, it was clear that northern Europe was no longer a stronghold of Protestantism and that other areas of the world had taken the position of leadership in Protestantism that had once belonged to it. Protestantism was sorely lacking in a theology that could help it understand the events of the times, and respond to them. Liberalism with its optimistic view of human nature and capabilities had no word for the situation and held no power to capture the attention of the people. Scholars in Scandinavia and also in Germany, took a second look at Luther’s theology, and discovered there was much that was not in agreement with the interpretations of the previous century (Gonzalez). Bill Bennett, director of communications for Greater Europe Mission commented in the Christian Post that, â€Å"The church to Europeans is seen as an economic and political power representing the religion of the rich world. Europeans have a more formal, ritualistic view of Christianity partially because in its history, a person’s landlord decided whether he would be Catholic or Protestant rather than any personal conviction. (Vu) By understanding the primary objective of missions we can begin to prescribe the change that is necessary to the missionary enterprise in Europe. Missions are not the ultimate goal of the church. Worship is. Missions exist because worship doesn’t. Worship, therefore, is the fuel and goal of missions. Missions begin and end in worship (Pi per). We have to recognize that there are cultural barriers (in addition to spiritual ones) that blind people from understanding the gospel. Our task is to find the right way to break through those cultural barriers while addressing the spiritual and theological ones as well (Stetzer Putman). While so many of the European church’s challengers over the years have lost steam or died out all together, Europeans have shown little interest in returning to the church. They have found strange new gods in their secular world of modernization. The secularization thesis previously mentioned seems to hold true to a certain degree when applied to European countries. The mission field is closer to home than ever before.

Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic Essay Example

Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic Paper The Donner Company manufactured printed circuit boards to specificaiton of a variety of electronics manufactures. It produces and sells goods to its customers. While EIIC is an insurance company which focus mainly on engineering insurance. It produces and sells service to customers. Problems for Donner Company: 1. For operation problem, there is a production bottleneck exist in company’s operation, the shifting bottleneck. The shifting of process changed frequently from one to another in the manufacturing system. Every individual orders of different customers always change details because variable request or unqualified items. That will definitely bring our workers and workload a lot of trouble. At the same time, we have the pattern of four-day rush orders. This item will delay the process as it sometimes needs rework at one or two operations. It is due to workers are shifted from one operation to another one as demand’s changing so that some workstations are overloaded. But this situation only happened during bulk orders, while in short orders such as less than 8 circuit boards, Arthur Dief can finish it solo and perfect. Also, when the customer’s engineers have design problems, they are permitted to make a call to operation part which can interrupt normal production. That can be one problem which bothered the process. There is a policy that the shipment should be finished before end of a month, which directly lead to the big amount of shipment at the end of the month. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis of Donner Company and Eiic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This will not only bring big pressure to transportation office, but also has a bad effect on sales. At the same time, workers are hurrying up for finishing shipment, they would not care more about products’ quality. Also, standards of order keep changing frequently will also bring us the same result. 2. Plummer found that some machines are idle very often, which definitely low down our output. This is related to the frequently moving. Because, the time workers wasted on moving from one station to another can be counted as the idle time, which is equal to shorten the time for producing. According to these we can see, the job strategies are not as well performed as it should be. Also, we need to develop new ideas which can be used to improve our strategy, such as rescheduling orders and reassigning workers, which can bring up our productivity in further days. 3. For managerial problem, I don’t think company did good job on inspection of products’ quality because heir returns and reprocessing are keeping increasing. Although it is very difficult to inspect stricter as their orders are different from each other, they still need an effective policy to keep their products’ good quality. As in September, because of incomplete operations and reworking of circuit boards, company’s preshipment reject rates increased and lead to a 6% loss on profit. Also the company as fewer shipments due to produ ction delayed for 9 days and reworking increased. Although hired 8 new workers for helping former work, the company still need to train them and it would take some time for them to getting familiar with this work. Recommendations: 1. IN order to solve the problem of production bottleneck, the work pile up and run out in the operation system, the company should only be accepting orders that are feasible to do and those can be delivered on time. So that the company can focus on the special demands or detailed request of customers, also build up their reputation by finish order without delay. In this situation, the idle times can be reduced as all workers need to finish their task. The most important is, they must reduce the shifting of workers from one operation to the next. Even though every worker knows more than one skill, it is better for them to stay in one station and finish one single process as it can stop waste so much time and reduce turnover. 2. For the producing process, we should pick up a better and more economic way as several process has two or more producing method or tools. As Drill process, they use Manual and CNC drill working at same time. Actually, it is better to use CNC Drill all the process when producing number is equal or greater than 6, and manual when lower than 6. For Profile, when bigger than 200, use CNC Router, and if less, use Punch Press. Exhibit 2. 3. For the long-run strategy, it is better for the company to set up two lines for production, one is for regular production and the other is fore special orders. Under this situation, we can set a minority number of workers produce on the regular line, on which we can improve our work efficiency as everyone is familiar with all the process. Meanwhile, we can set a majority number of workers work on the new line that can redesign, rework of finish specific orders. It will not disturb the normal producing line as they are separated and workers will be more focus on their jobs, which can get better product quality and efficiency. Also, they will get used to the variable order situation, which can improve their resilience. 4. As returns and reprocessing are keeping high, we need to improve our managerial method. First we need to improve our inspection. We should bring out a detailed and clear standard for workers to refer to. Also, we need to enhance our inspection by supervisors and divide them into each process and inspect every procedure, by which we can stop unqualified products as soon as possible and avoid further work on useless products. At the same time, we need to training our employees on producing skill and further knowledge, in order to get less rework or reprocessing. Problems for EIIC 1. It is the time for EIIC to improve their service efficiency. As we know, the basic processes for the company’s inspectors to finish their duty are showed in Exhibit 1-2. The time for arriving at accident place is less than 1 hour. It is fast and the company’s employees are proud of this. But on the other hand, they need a very long time for preparing the FIO report, as a Medium-Sized branch’s average time is 26 days. This is the biggest bottleneck of process. As the company all employed very proficient inspectors, they should not work in such a slow condition. One of the most probable reasons is the moonlighting. Case told us that there are estimated nearly 50% to 70% of EIIC’s inspectors had part-time job. Even though it is permitted in the company, I think that will definitely lower the efficiency and effect of their original work in EIIC as moonlighting will cost several physical force and time which should be put into the EIIC’s work and get the FIO process faster finished. We use the average percentage of out-working people: (50%+70%)/2=60%. If these capacity are all being used to prepare for the FIO report, the time spending on that will at least reduce to: 26/(1+60%)=16. 25 days, which is a big progress. 2. EIIC’s market strategy needs to be modified. From the case we found that EIIC’s profit is decreasing these years while they used to win the market. As we know, EIIC is a insurance company which is focus only on manufacturing insurance. While most of other insurance companies have all kinds of insurance such as life insurance and medical insurance, this is a vast market. The company is specific and professional on engineering, most of EIIC’s facility and employees are in engineering background and experience. It is impossible for the company to convert its market to different species of insurance. The nly effective short term strategy for the company is to build up itself as an upper level engineering insurance company which is the best and famous for its good service quality to attract more customers. 3. Colleagues have conflict between each other during working. The main reason for chief inspectors’ having conflict with managers is they have several similar jobs or functional authority but don’t hav e similar rules for solving them. Actually, these two roles have different things to perform. Manager is more financial and managerial but the chief inspector is more engineering and technical. Manager is more focus on operating business fluently, getting more profit and optimize whole company. While inspector wants to make sure every problem is solved completely and without any doubt. They insist different views so that will lead to different action, as one of them regards the other as â€Å"went by book†. 4. Turnover of employee is too high. Two main reasons for its high turnover are: the salary level in EIIC is comparably lower among the same business company; professional inspectors are highly expected in the human resource markets. Either because of hunters ‘action or workers’ own willing, once there is a better salary, they will leave EIIC. At the same time, EIIC provided their workers a good platform to practice themselves, similar to IBM, and get them more attractive to other company. As underwriting, most of them believed there was no long term career path on it. Obviously EIIC’s staffs have a serious problem of career planning. Recommendation: 1. Change the former marketing strategy for the company. As EIIC is famous for the engineering insurance, it is more effective for EIIC to keep going on with this target in short term. But they need to improve the current strategy as more upper level. We can locate the company as a highly specific and professional one. No matter how difficulty and troublesome the situation is, you can be not upset anymore by EIIC’s job. In this situation, EIIC must stop cutting down price. On the contrary, the company should raise the price level for making sure that our service is the best. People always love good quality service. 2. For long term plan, in order to keeping pace with changing market requirements, we need to develop more market and provide more kinds of service. It is another bottleneck of EIIC. Based on the profit earned by improving our service, we can create more departments about insurance and make our company more totpotent. 3. We need to improve our working efficiency and change salary policy for workers. At the FIO stage, inspector spends to much time which should be shorten. So that we should stop permitting moonlighting for all workers. Suppose there are total 60% (50%+70%/2=60%) staffs has a second job and now don’t work for that anymore, our productivity will be brought up by at least 60%, which will be more attractive to our customers. At the same time, we raise salary level for 50%, that is $27000*1. 5+($31000-$27000)=$44500, it looks nicer to staffs, and also we can earn 10% productivity. At the same time, we can employ several green hands with very low salary. Let them to help our work and get training at the same time. Once there are well performed people, we can rehire them in normal salary policy. Also, we can sell company’s shares to our staffs. It can be some kind of decreasing turnover. 4. Modify relationship between employees. As manager and inspector are in charge of different areas and have different views, it is unavoidable for them to get conflict. In order to finish this situation, it would be better to change the managerial organization for the two leaders. One method is to let chief inspector be controlled by manager and cancel inspector’s special authority. As manager working on much more general things and inspector is only on technique, it is possible for technique to be a branch of general management. In general, this situation can be regard as â€Å"has 2 leaders in one place†. We must identify every subordinate relationship for every place in avoid of noncooperation and conflict. Based on the analysis before, we can identify that Donner Company is a job shop company and EIIC is a production line company. Because every part of EIIC has almost the same product, also, has different labor division during which changed a little. From these two companies we can see, there are several general aspects that should be pay attention to when operating companies. 1. Human resource. Companies are operated my people. It is very significant for a company to own smart staffs, good relationship and proper work attitude. As a manager, we should provide them a good circumstance for working; include proper management organization, useful communication method and satisfied payment. 2. Process design. This part determines the whole company’s profit situation. We should bring out a process which will not waste material, human labor or time that can bring us best profit. It is unavoidable that every process has bottlenecks. We should change strategy according to our current situation, to meet our final needs. 3. Service and Physical products. It is different when operating these two products. Service contains more human action. It is easier to be modified and improved but difficult to be managed. In order to improve that we need to set a model as simulation and find out what’s the best solution, then apply it. For physical products, it is a kind of permanent for producing speed as it is difficult to improved but easy to be managed. For improving this we should pay more attention on how to manage the people who produce them. To get the most efficient way for raising production. 4. Production line and job shop. They are totally different on managing by us. We should first recognize the pattern of company and then start operation. Exhibit 1. Process Map of Two Companies. 1. Donner Company #1 Preperation #2 Image Transfer #3 Fabrication 2. EIIC #1 Process for inspector (with an averaging cycle time of 40-50 days) #2 Organization Exhibit 2. Cycle Time with Different Methods in Process of Donner Company. Suppose manual and CNC drill use same time when producing N boards. 15+0. 08(500)N= 240+0. 004(500)N N=5. 9~6. So that, if N=6, CNC drill will use less time. Suppose Punch Press and CNC Router use same time when producing N boards, 50+N=150+0. 5N N=200 That means if N200, CNC Router will use less time.